Since the cambium controls the growth of the tree, growth stops if it is cut. Crops also supply raw materials for agro based industries. [1], Before the industrialisation of the paper production the most common fiber source was recycled fibers from used textiles, called rags. 2009. The initiation step is catalyzed by prenyltransferase, which converts three monomers of isopentenyl pyrophosphate into farnesyl pyrophosphate. [12], In the early 1900s, the Congo Free State in Africa was also a significant source of natural rubber latex, mostly gathered by forced labor. [35][37], Natural rubber is susceptible to degradation by a wide range of bacteria. Linos, A. and Steinbuchel, A. The other fiber crop fibers are hard/leaf fibers (come from the entirety of plant vascular bundles) and surface fibers (come from plant epidermal tissue). Food grains (Rice, Wheat, Maize, Millets and Pulses), Cash Crops (Cotton, Jute, Sugarcane, Tobacco, and Oilseeds), Plantation Crops (Tea, Coffee, Coconut and, Rubber) and Horticulture crops such as Fruits and Vegetables. India produces four major fibre crops which are cotton, jute, hemp and natural silk. These clones yield more than 2,000 kilograms per hectare (1,800 lb/acre) of dry rubber per year, under ideal conditions. Naturally coagulated rubber (cup lump) is used in the manufacture of TSR10 and TSR20 grade rubbers. In international trade, latex rubber is mostly shipped in 20-foot ocean containers. The major crops in India can be divided into four categories viz. [36], Some allergic reactions are not to the latex itself, but from residues of chemicals used to accelerate the cross-linking process. ), lettuce (Lactuca species), the related Scorzonera tau-saghyz, various Taraxacum species, including common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) and Russian dandelion, and perhaps most importantly for its hypoallergenic properties, guayule (Parthenium argentatum). Raw rubber storage depots and rubber processing can produce malodour that is serious enough to become a source of complaints and protest to those living in the vicinity. Rubber yarns were used in foundation garments. Each has significantly different properties. None of these. Tactics to enforce the rubber quotas included removing the hands of victims to prove they had been killed. Rubber produced as a fiber, sometimes called 'elastic', had significant value to the textile industry because of its excellent elongation and recovery properties. principal crop harvested – see paragraph 11.105), but could have a secondary use in production data. Little care is taken to exclude twigs, leaves, and even bark from the lumps that are formed, which may also include tree lace. [citation needed], Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Nonwood Alternatives to Wood Fiber in Paper", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiber_crop&oldid=998766243, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Pages using collapsible list with both background and text-align in titlestyle, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2021, Articles needing additional references from January 2021, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Other fibers (Leaf, fruit, and other fibers), This page was last edited on 6 January 2021, at 23:07. Fiber Crop a plant raised for fiber. Fiber crops are plants that are deliberately grown for the production of fiber for textile (clothes), cordage (e.g., ropes), and filling (e.g., stuffing upholstery and mattresses). Polyisoprene can also be created synthetically, producing what is sometimes referred to as "synthetic natural rubber", but the synthetic and natural routes are distinct. 3. Only 2,400 of these germinated. [18][19] When latex concentrate is produced from rubber, sulphuric acid is used for coagulation. Latex is generally processed into either latex concentrate for manufacture of dipped goods or coagulated under controlled, clean conditions using formic acid. Rubber's stress–strain behavior exhibits the Mullins effect and the Payne effect and is often modeled as hyperelastic. Once the rubber is vulcanized, it is a thermoset. Currently, rubber is harvested mainly in the form of the latex from the rubber tree or others. Physical and Chemical Properties. Others that have been commercially exploited, or at least showed promise as rubber sources, include the rubber fig (Ficus elastica), Panama rubber tree (Castilla elastica), various spurges (Euphorbia spp. [10][11], South America remained the main source of latex rubber used during much of the 19th century. Fiber crops are generally harvestable after a single growing season, as distinct from trees, which are typically grown for many years before being harvested for such materials as wood pulp fiber or lacebark. This wire incorporates a spring so it can stretch as the tree grows. Uses: Can be used to manufacture gunny bags, mats, ropes, yarn, carpets and other artefacts. Latex from non-Hevea sources, such as Guayule, can be used without allergic reaction by persons with an allergy to Hevea latex. The use of rubber in car tires (initially solid rather than pneumatic) in particular consumed a significant amount of rubber. Inside the container, smaller containers are used to store the latex.[32]. [citation needed] Charles Goodyear redeveloped vulcanization in 1839, although Mesoamericans had used stabilized rubber for balls and other objects as early as 1600 BC. The latex-containing tubes in the bark ascend in a spiral to the right. We have Provided Agriculture Class 10 Geography MCQs Questions with Answers to help students understand the concept very well. Non-Food Crops Rubber. The coefficient of friction of rubber, which is high on dry surfaces and low on wet surfaces, leads to its use for power-transmission belting and for water-lubricated bearings in deep-well pumps. The rags were from ramie, hemp, linen and cotton. It is mainly grown in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Garo hills of Meghalaya. Rubber is grown in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Meghalaya which is mainly used in the industries. Rubber exhibits unique physical and chemical properties. Soldiers often came back from raids with baskets full of chopped-off hands. Vulcanized rubber has many more applications. The latex is refined and proce. Cash Crops: A crop that is grown for sale rather than for personal use is called cash crops. It slowly made its way around England. Major food crops are wheat, rice, maize and millets. More than 28 million tons of rubber were produced in 2017, of which approximately 47% was natural. Since the bulk is synthetic, which is derived from petroleum, the price of natural rubber is determined, to a large extent, by the prevailing global price of crude oil. In plants, isoprene pyrophosphate can also be obtained from the 1-deox-D-xyulose-5-phosphate/2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate pathway within plasmids. Infobase Publishing, This section has been copied almost verbatim from the. Cotton: Cotton is the most important fibre crop of India. The biomembrane is held tightly to the rubber core due to the high negative charge along the double bonds of the rubber polymer backbone. Villages that resisted were razed to encourage better compliance locally. Cottonseed, which makes up around half the weight of the picked cotton, is fed to cattle and crushed to make oil. Correct. The antigenic proteins found in Hevea latex may be deliberately reduced (though not eliminated)[35] through processing. This is the epidermal hairs on the seeds of the crop plants. The term gum rubber is sometimes applied to the tree-obtained version of natural rubber in order to distinguish it from the synthetic version. A properly managed tree responds to wounding by producing more latex for several years. [citation needed] The process displaces the terminal high-energy pyrophosphate. Glazed pottery or aluminium or plastic cups became more common in Kerala and other countries. Question 38. These Fibres are used to make things such as cloth, rope, or paper. Although this may be confused with an allergy to latex, it is distinct from it, typically taking the form of Type IV hypersensitivity in the presence of traces of specific processing chemicals. It arises from latex clinging to the walls of the cup after the latex was last poured into the bucket, and from late-dripping latex exuded before the latex-carrying vessels of the tree become blocked. Fiber crops are characterized by having a large concentration of cellulose, which is what gives them their strength. Natural rubber latex is shipped from factories in Southeast Asia, South America, and West and Central Africa to destinations around the world. Natural" in, Emory Dean Keoke, Kay Marie Porterfield. Answer: Cotton, jute, hemp and natural silk are the four major fibre crops grown in India. Types of polyisoprene that are used as natural rubbers are classified as elastomers. Abstract. The latex is a sticky, milky colloid drawn off by making incisions in the bark and collecting the fluid in vessels in a process called "tapping". India is top producer country of many crops. rubber fibre; elastomeric fiber; fiber de caucho (Esp.) Significant tonnage of rubber was used as adhesives in many manufacturing industries and products, although the two most noticeable were the paper and the carpet industries. It is a fibre that is strong and durable, stiffer and more rigid than flax, lacking flexibility and elasticity, but unaffected by water. Ramie is one of the oldest fibre crops in the world. Dandelion milk contains latex. [17] Microbial impurities originate during the processing of block rubber. In specific circumstances, fiber crops can be superior to wood pulp fiber in terms of technical performance, environmental impact or cost.[2]. This species is preferred because it grows well under cultivation. (1998) Microbial degradation of natural and synthetic rubbers by novel bacteria belonging to the genus Gordona. The collected latex, "field latex", is transferred into coagulation tanks for the preparation of dry rubber or transferred into air-tight containers with sieving for ammoniation. Due to cellulose being the main factor of a plant fibers strength, this is what scientists are looking to manipulate to create different types of fibers. These impurities break down during storage or thermal degradation and produce volatile organic compounds. [6], The first use of rubber was by the indigenous cultures of Mesoamerica. Which one of the following crops is known as ‘Golden Fibre? Natural rubber is used extensively in many applications and products, either alone or in combination with other materials. Fibre Crop: Type # 3. [16] The glass transition is fast and reversible: the force resumes on heating. An ammonia solution can be used to prevent the coagulation of raw latex. See Atrocities in the Congo Free State for more information on the rubber trade in the Congo Free State in the late 1800s and early 1900s. In India, tea, coffee, rubber, sugarcane, banana, etc. This takes some time because turns of twisted chains have to move out of the way of the growing crystallites. By use, crops fall into six categories: food crops, feed crops, fiber crops, oil crops, ornamental crops, and industrial crops. In 1876, Henry Wickham smuggled 70,000 Amazonian rubber tree seeds from Brazil and delivered them to Kew Gardens, England. Rubber strain crystallizes. This produces malodourous hydrogen sulphide. Cotton and jute are the two most important fibre crops of India. A standard in Malaysia for alternate daily tapping is 25 cm (vertical) bark consumption per year. Grains, such as corn, wheat, and rice, are the world’s most popular food crops. are important plantation crops. However, hemp still holds a certain position today as a valuable fibre crop. Which one of the following is not a fibre crop Cotton Rubber Jute Hemp 2 See answers Rashika124 Rashika124 Rubber is not a fiber hope it will help you shashank102183 shashank102183 Answer: Peas is answer of this question . It is mainly harvested in the form of latex from the rubber tree. Fibre crops include a wide variety of plants of fibrous biomass that are grown annually or seasonally at specific weather and climatic conditions of a country. Some produce other desirable materials, for example gutta-percha (Palaquium gutta)[5] and chicle from Manilkara species. Learn how and when to remove this template message, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, "Plants & Civilization : An Introduction to theInterrelationships of Plants and People. The rubber precursor is isopentenyl pyrophosphate (an allylic compound), which elongates by Mg2+-dependent condensation by the action of rubber transferase. Sun-hemp: a. Botanical Name: Crotolaria juncia . [4] Today this method is called deinking. [20] Rubber particles are surrounded by a single phospholipid membrane with hydrophobic tails pointed inward. Earth scrap is material that gathers around the base of the tree. Synonyms and Related Terms. The flexibility of rubber is appealing in hoses, tires and rollers for devices ranging from domestic clothes wringers to printing presses; its elasticity makes it suitable for various kinds of shock absorbers and for specialized machinery mountings designed to reduce vibration. Many other plants produce forms of latex rich in isoprene polymers, though not all produce usable forms of polymer as easily as the Pará. [citation needed] King Leopold II's colonial state brutally enforced production quotas. The mid-range which comes from the technically specified natural rubber materials ends up largely in tires but also in conveyor belts, marine products, windshield wipers and miscellaneous goods. Many Indonesian smallholders, who farm paddies in remote areas, tap dispersed trees on their way to work in the paddy fields and collect the latex (or the coagulated latex) on their way home. The trees drip latex for about four hours, stopping as latex coagulates naturally on the tapping cut, thus blocking the latex tubes in the bark. The climatic conditions for optimum growth of rubber trees are: Many high-yielding clones have been developed for commercial planting. Its relative gas impermeability makes it useful in the manufacture of articles such as air hoses, balloons, balls and cushions. Answer: Jute. Fiber crops are field crops grown for their fibers, which are traditionally used to make paper, cloth, or rope.[1]. In Nazi Germany, research projects tried to use dandelions as a base for rubber production, but failed. Cotton, jute, kenaf, industrial hemp, sun hemp, and flax are among the well-known fiber crops. the three most notable examples include: Cotton Cotton is the most popular and widely used fibre crop. Because rubber does not dissolve easily, the material is finely divided by shredding prior to its immersion. Latex is the polymer cis-1,4-polyisoprene – with a molecular weight of 100,000 to 1,000,000 daltons. The monomer adds to the pyrophosphate end of the growing polymer. Brainly User Brainly User Jute. The cups are supported by a wire that encircles the tree. In other word, a cash crop is an agricultural crop which is grown for sale to return a profit. Lastly, surface fibers are harvested through ginning which is where a machine removes the fibers from other plant material. The earliest archeological evidence of the use of natural latex from the Hevea tree comes from the Olmec culture, in which rubber was first used for making balls for the Mesoamerican ballgame. Bast fibers are harvested through retting which is where microbes are utilized to remove soft tissues from the plant and only the useful fibrous material remains. What is ‘sericulture’? Crystallization has occurred, for example, when, after days, an inflated toy balloon is found withered at a relatively large remaining volume. The economic life of the tree depends on how well the tapping is carried out, as the critical factor is bark consumption. a) Jute b) Coffee c) Barley d) Rubber 2 See answers heemani26 heemani26 Answer: jute is a fibre crop. Coconut and rubber plantations have generally a positive impact on the environment. [3] In collaboration with Continental Tires, IME began a pilot facility. This is done in different ways depending on the fiber classification. He distributed rubber seeds to many planters and developed the first technique for tapping trees for latex without causing serious harm to the tree. are capable of degrading vulcanized natural rubber. It contains soil and other contaminants, and has variable rubber content, depending on the amount of contaminants. In places such as Kerala and Sri Lanka, where coconuts are in abundance, the half shell of coconut was used as the latex collection container. [9] In 1751, he presented a paper by François Fresneau to the Académie (published in 1755) that described many of rubber's properties. Wheat. It might be outdated or ideologically biased. Rubber is an important industrial raw material. Tree lace and cup lump together account for 10%–20% of the dry rubber produced. [34] The remainder is synthetic rubber derived from petrochemical sources. The top end of latex production results in latex products such as surgeons' gloves, balloons and other relatively high-value products. The economic importance of hemp fibre production has fallen off sharply since the Second World War. The four types of field coagula are "cuplump", "treelace", "smallholders' lump" and "earth scrap". [46], "Rubber" and "India rubber" redirect here. Gloves (medical, household and industrial) and toy balloons were large consumers of rubber, although the type of rubber used is concentrated latex. owariensis).[1]. A large variety of crops are grown to meet the . The parallel chains of stretched rubber are susceptible to crystallization. Thailand and Indonesia are two of the leading rubber producers. Natural rubber is an elastomer and a thermoplastic. [6] Some natural rubber sources, such as gutta-percha, are composed of trans-1,4-polyisoprene, a structural isomer that has similar properties. (a) Tea (b) Cotton (c) Wheat (d) Bajra (a) Tea 41. Trees are usually tapped on alternate or third days, although many variations in timing, length and number of cuts are used. Rubber was later used by the Maya and Aztec cultures – in addition to making balls Aztecs used rubber for other purposes such as making containers and to make textiles waterproof by impregnating them with the latex sap. One tonne of cotton seed yields approximately 200kg of oil, 500kg of cotton seed meal and 300kg of hulls. The latex that coagulates on the cut is also collected as "tree lace". Rubber is mainly grown in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karanataka and Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Garo hills of Meghalaya. The economic life period of rubber trees in plantations is around 32 years, up to 7 years of immature phase and about 25 years of productive phase. India today is the world's 3rd largest producer and 4th largest consumer. Rubber is an equatorial crop, but it is also grown in tropical and sub-tropical areas under special conditions. In stretched rubber, the chains are almost linear. It usually has higher copper and manganese contents than cup lump. It arises from latex overflowing from the cut and running down the bark, from rain flooding a collection cup containing latex, and from spillage from tappers' buckets during collection. [7][8], Charles Marie de La Condamine is credited with introducing samples of rubber to the Académie Royale des Sciences of France in 1736. The textile industry turned to neoprene (polymer of chloroprene), a type of synthetic rubber, as well as another more commonly used elastomer fiber, spandex (also known as elastane), because of their superiority to rubber in both strength and durability. Types of polyisoprene that are used as natural rubbers are classified as elastomers. The reaction produces a cis polymer. COCONUT AND RUBBER AS ECOFRIENDLY AND SUSTAINABLE CROPS P.K.RAVI, SENIOR SCIENTIFIC OFFICER, CCRI, KALAVOOR C oconut and Natural Rubber Plantation are important cash crops that support the life of more than 15 lakhs Indian growers. Some people have a serious latex allergy, and exposure to natural latex rubber products such as latex gloves can cause anaphylactic shock. Question 29: Name the countries from where rubber is imported. Processing for these grades is a size reduction and cleaning process to remove contamination and prepare the material for the final stage of drying.[31]. Rubber was commonly used to make rubber bands and pencil erasers. [citation needed], Congo rubber, formerly a major source of rubber, came from vines in the genus Landolphia (L. kirkii, L. heudelotis, and L. Fibre Crop crops that produce filamentous matter from the bast tissue or other parts of plants, used for industrial purposes. Haz clic aquí 👆 para obtener una respuesta a tu pregunta ️ Which of the following is a fibre crop a) Cotton B) sweet potato C) Rice D) Tea Some smallholders use small containers, buckets etc., but often the latex is coagulated in holes in the ground, which are usually lined with plastic sheeting. [23] The relative ratio of the farnesyl pyrophosphate initiator unit and isoprenyl pyrophosphate elongation monomer determines the rate of new particle synthesis versus elongation of existing particles. The following article is from The Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1979). For other uses, see, This article is about the polymeric material "natural rubber". Ammoniation preserves the latex in a colloidal state for longer periods of time. Fiber crops include annual and perennial species of different botanical families. Question 28: Name the most important fibre crop in West Bengal. Indian rubber balls or lacrosse balls are made of rubber. Rubber. Tree lace is the coagulum strip that the tapper peels off the previous cut before making a new cut. Gummi Kunstst. Cotton is a food and a fibre crop. d. It is most suitable for alkaline and water logged soil. The final properties of a rubber item depend not just on the polymer, but also on modifiers and fillers, such as carbon black, factice, whiting and others. Zunfeng Liu, a materials scientist at the University of Texas at Dallas, and colleagues stretched a 2-millimeter-diameter rubber fiber to about 15 times its original length and wrapped it in conductive sheets of carbon nanotubes (SN: 12/4/10, p. Latex coagulates in the cups, if kept for long and must be collected before this happens. requirement of the growing population. Cotton provides the basic raw material to cotton textile industry. Resistance to abrasion makes softer kinds of rubber valuable for the treads of vehicle tires and conveyor belts, and makes hard rubber valuable for pump housings and piping used in the handling of abrasive sludge. The latex is led into the cup by a galvanised "spout" knocked into the bark. [21] Free monomeric units and conjugated proteins make up the outer layer. Around 25 million tonnes of rubber are produced each year, of which 30 percent is natural. In later years the plantation expanded to Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India. Question 30: Name the state which grows most of India’s natural rubber. In the wild types of dandelion, latex content is low and varies greatly. Botanically, the fibers harvested from many of these plants are bast fibers; the fibers come from the phloem tissue of the plant. Arabica variety of coffee was initially brought to India from which of the following countries? c. Seed rate-15-20 kg/ha. There are a number of issues regarding the use of fiber crops to make pulp. [4] A process for removing printing inks from recycled paper was invented by German jurist Justus Claproth in 1774. This has been referred to as the first scientific paper on rubber. Where it is touched, it shrinks because the temperature of the hand is enough to melt the crystals. (b) High temperature is required during the time of growth. Giovanni Fabbroni is credited with the discovery of naphtha as a rubber solvent in 1779. As it is often impossible to preserve the latex sufficiently to get it to a factory that processes latex in time for it to be used to make high quality products, and as the latex would anyway have coagulated by the time it reached the factory, the smallholder will coagulate it by any means available, in any container available. please follow me and Mark it as brainliest answer. The dried material is then baled and palletized for storage and shipment. Best and most widely used green manure crop. Most rubber in everyday use is vulcanized to a point where it shares properties of both; i.e., if it is heated and cooled, it is degraded but not destroyed. [30] Some trees continue to drip after the collection leading to a small amount of "cup lump" that is collected at the next tapping. It needs rainfall of more than 200 cm and temperature above 25 °C. [13], In Singapore and Malaya, commercial production was heavily promoted by Sir Henry Nicholas Ridley, who served as the first Scientific Director of the Singapore Botanic Gardens from 1888 to 1911. Natural rubber, also called India rubber, latex, Amazonian rubber, caucho or caoutchouc, as initially produced, consists of polymers of the organic compound isoprene, with minor impurities of other organic compounds, plus water. The membrane allows biosynthetic proteins to be sequestered at the surface of the growing rubber particle, which allows new monomeric units to be added from outside the biomembrane, but within the lacticifer. The fiber is composed of the natural cellulosic material which is used for the production of the cotton ropes from fibres and clothes. Seedlings were then sent to India, British Ceylon (Sri Lanka), Dutch East Indies (Indonesia), Singapore, and British Malaya. Latex that drips onto the ground, "earth scrap", is also collected periodically for processing of low-grade product. Fibre. [9] In England, Joseph Priestley, in 1770, observed that a piece of the material was extremely good for rubbing off pencil marks on paper, hence the name "rubber". It was not until the introduction of wood pulp in 1843 that paper production was not dependent on recycled materials from ragpickers. Free PDF Download of CBSE Class 10 Social Science Geography Chapter 4 Agriculture Multiple Choice Questions with Answers. Thus, the correct answer is option B. The resistance of rubber to water and to the action of most fluid chemicals has led to its use in rainwear, diving gear, and chemical and medicinal tubing, and as a lining for storage tanks, processing equipment and railroad tank cars. Examination of these compounds using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and gas chromatography (GC) indicates that they contain sulphur, ammonia, alkenes, ketones, esters, hydrogen sulphide, nitrogen, and low molecular weight fatty acids (C2-C5). The bacteria Streptomyces coelicolor, Pseudomonas citronellolis, and Nocardia spp. These slanting cuts allowed latex to flow from ducts located on the exterior or the inner layer of bark (cambium) of the tree. The required isopentenyl pyrophosphate is obtained from the mevalonate pathway, which derives from acetyl-CoA in the cytosol. Also Read: Soils in India. Rice: Rice is the major food crop of the world. Earth scrap is collected by field workers two or three times a year and may be cleaned in a scrap-washer to recover the rubber, or sold to a contractor who cleans it and recovers the rubber. Because of its low dye acceptance, feel and appearance, the rubber fiber was either covered by yarn of another fiber or directly woven with other yarns into the fabric. Fiber crops are field crops grown for their fibers, which are traditionally used to make paper, cloth, or rope.. Natural rubber is a polymer of isoprene along with some other impurities. It requires moist and humid climate.